LATEST TECHNOLOGY FOLDED UP SPEAKING COMPUTER SYSTEM CONTROL

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SPEAKING COMPUTER SYSTEM CONTROL
Well, with our latest technology and computers nowadays, we have already arrived to the future of technology. As looking back from two years ago, we called it future, but now? As our technology improves, society nowadays needed higher standards of livings and of course computers are getting powerful. What will it be the next two years? Do you have any opinions about our future computers and technology? What do you think 10 years, 50 years or in the next 100 years’ technology be? Could technology in the future possibly able to take over human beings? Well…all that begins from imagination

Latest Technology holographic PC and TV displays

SeeReal, a German firm has developed a new technology that promises to bring holographic displays at your doorstep. The latest tech displays 3D images on a TV or computer screen, or through a projector. SeeReal has developed Tracked Viewing Window technology that limits pixel size to HDTV levels and in combination with a real-time tracking system, eliminates superfluous elements while reducing the need for real-time processing. Company's chief scientific officer, Dr Armin Schwerdtner said, "Since the only alternative able to perfectly substitute natural viewing is holography, SeeReal has spent the last four years developing this approach that overcomes the obstacles that have historically prevented holography from mainstream displays. And today, we have the solution

Latest Technology Toshiba Satellite A665-3DV

Recently Toshiba released a new notebook, which is the first one through Toshiba notebook computers to support 3D.This computer supports the amazing features and effects of the latest technology:The laptop works with Intel Core i7-740QM processor. It supports a 640 GB hard drive and 4GB DDR3. It also includes an nVidia 350 graphic card for games.The 3D technology will give you the opportunity to enjoy 3D films with the help of 3D glasses that also come with the computer.The Satellite A665-3DV notebook computers also have a built-in web camera and bluetooth. A HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is also available there.Another feature worth mentioning is the built-in Blu-Ray Disc Rom with the common DVD and CD drives and with an amazing DVD Multi-Burner Drive. The A665-3DV laptop has the features of latest technology, which make the use of this laptop even more enjoyable and fun.
The laptop has a backlit keyboard, which will give you an opportunity to work even in the darkness. Besides, the Sleep-and-Music feature will give you the chance to listen to your favorite music even when your computer is switched off.And let’s not forget about the availability of Wi-Fi in these Satellite A665-3DV notebook computers.

Latest Technology Weither Phone

Ok hold you breath and embrace! This new Window Phone is the concept mobile phone, which is able to transform its appearance like a window as per the weather. The phone is designed as a thin, clear and transparent plastic sheet, which remains clear during a sunny day, becomes humid during a rainy day and takes a dump outlook during a snowy day. The user can write text messages or draw pictures on the phone in different weather conditions which will later transform and show as SMS characters. The screen features sensitive interaction with the user and comprises the state of a window in different weather conditions. Now is this a future concept phone or what!

It's a Cloudy Day

Latest Technology Cell Phone

Now a day mobile phones have become the most essential thing in everybody’s lives. Many individuals have started buying mobile phones and started entering into the cell phone community. The chief function of a mobile phone is that it allows people to communicate with anybody in this world at any point of time. There are plenty number of features shown in mobile phone which are found in the cell phone market. Still humpty number of superb features are added up and there is continuous researches are carried out in this filed. The features that you relish on you mobile phone will really depends upon the type of mobile phone that you have. Initially the basic functions that are found in the mobile phones are storing up the other person contact info and for communication. And now MP3 player, GPs, etc are part of these sets. You can make use of the internet facility present in your mobile phones to check your emails, surfing to know about the latest news, playing games and can do much more things with it. It is essential that the new technology enthusiasts are conscious about the latest mobile phones which are available in the market these days. Now you can see that new type of mobile phones are released by all the producers by every month. Only rarely a month goes without any latest feature mobile phone launched in the market.
The function of a mobile phone is similar to a radio operation. Wireless Communication technology is been here for quite long period of time. But the efficiency of the latest communication technology is more efficient than the older wireless communication technology. In earlier days the technology that was used is 1G. That technology makes use of the analog signals system for communication.  Then in mid 2G technology was used. With this arrival of technology number of channels enhanced.
And now the technology that is used in most of the country is 3G. 3G let the users to make use of superb features such as video calling, high speed audio and video downloading and high speed internet. In few countries 4G technology are peeped into the market. The power consumption of these devices is not truly high and this makes it affordable to go on.
The competition in this business is very vast. This has truly made the market condition pretty favorable for the clients.  The companies are occupied in an extreme struggle with each other to track down the utmost clients from the available pool.
In making it short mobile phones have completely enthused the way we communicate with each other. It has truly made simpler to contact anyone in this world at any time. This technology will keep on growing and there will be more inspiring things coming out in the future

Latest Technology Nano Piezoelectricity Powered Tablet PC

After the Digital age we will enter entered the era of nano technology soon, to take them to the first place on nano technology Jun-se Kim, Yonggu Do and Eunha Seo the Korean designers has introducing their new design, the ecoPad Power of Touch for use in future world. The ecoPad has won the Judge’ Special Award in the Designboom Competition “A Life with Future Computing” organized in collaboration with FUJITSU and Design Association, Japan. The Power of Touch is concept for Tablet PC that no require an external power source to charge the tablet.

How the ecoPad tablet is powered? they are using the nano piezoelectricity film that place under the display to produces electricity and recharge it self, each time the user press on the touchscreen, this is the benefit of using the nano technology that changing every movement into an electricity.

Latest Technology Solar Notebook

Solar-power laptop is supposed to save you the trouble of charging batteries by plugging them in. The notebook is powered with the help of powerful batteries that are recharged by wide Solar Panel attached to the computer.

Latest Technology Design of The Future

Nikita Buyanov, an , has few outstanding concept laptops combining Intel and HP. HP Eco has been designed for echo issued persons. This laptop includes bar-code reader, solar charge cells and a bracelet for controlling , pulse, and many more. HP Nobag has touch sensor with hard OLED technology, ideal for those who don’t like to carry big bags for laptops. HP Fitness serves the weight control purpose most, also comprises a similar bracelet to keep record of work out sessions. HP Make-up has a button that changes the screen to a mirror and has an on-nail printing device. HP will allow parents to monitor their children with two Bluetooth cameras. HP Chameleon is a concept laptop with an adaptive microcell coverage enabling the laptop to be transformed in its surround background. Finally, HP Perfume is conceptual laptop where you can change your laptop to a lamp or air freshener with ability to smell samples and mix it with smell matrix of HP Perfume laptop.

Latest Technology D Roll Laptop

D-roll is a next generation concept laptop design which is way distinctive from usual laptops in both shape and function. The long tube shape of this laptop, which was inspired from the storage tubes that artists are using for storing large drawings, eliminates perception of the traditional book looking laptops. This multifunctional laptop has two working modes. When it is operating in full function mode, the laptop is unfolded completely and all peripherals are turned on. The main display is turned off and a smaller screen, attached with main body is turned on allowing the users to check and send mails when D-roll is under email mode. VC is a helpful add-on for capturing pictures or videos and Locking System can provide certain security to the laptop

Latest Technology Aspire One AOD250-1633 Acer Laptop Computer

Acer laptop computer comes with fully advance specifications, including the weight of system unit only 1.27 kg | 2.79 lbs, 6-cell 5800 mAh Li-ion Battery, 3 – USB 2.0 Ports, Two Built-in Stereo Speakers, Integrated Acer Crystal Eye Webcam, Bluetooth 2.1+EDR, Acer InviLink 802.11b/g/Draft-N Wi-Fi CERTIFIED, 250GB 5400RPM SATA Hard Drive, Multi-in-1 Digital Media Card Reader, 1024MB DDR2 SDRAM Single Channel Memory, Integrated Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950, Mobile Intel 945GSE Express Chipset, , 10.1-Inch WSVGA Acer CrystalBrite LED Display, Windows 7 Starter Edition and Intel Atom Processor N280.

HP Feminine-Oriented Conceptual Laptop

Russian industrial designer Nikita Buyanov to create a string of feminine-oriented conceptual laptops. They are attractive enough for women. The most adorable laptop has to be the HP Make-Up. This pink, powder case-shaped computer can certainly be used for makeup, as it contains both a small compact mirror and a big mirror which can be shifted to a screen when needed.

Acer Unveils Acer Iconia Dual-Screen Tablet Laptop

Acer has just unveiled what looks like a Dual Screen tablet but when we look at the specs, it is more of a dual-screen laptop than a tablet. It is called Acer Iconia, which is a dual-screen laptop tablet powered by none other than the Intel Core i5 processor and sports dual 14 inch touchscreen displays which is surely going to have a heavy impact on the price tag.

Convertible tablet PCs – that is, tablet PCs that can turn into a regular laptop form factor – have traditionally had swivel screens on hinges that work the same way as the swivel screens on Sony’s Alpha DSLRs, for example. There was also one with an awkward sliding mechanism that nobody remembers, but we won’t go into that here. At the Intel Developer Forum being held right now in San Francisco, Dell introduced an upcoming addition to their dell Inspiron line with a 10-inch notebook that transforms into a new tablet PC using a whole new approach. Once you open the lid of the laptop, the screen flips around on an axis halfway down the sides of the display, turning into a clamshell laptop!

Latest Invention Self Brain Storming Helmet

Helmet is  latest inventions to help designers, advertisers and creative people to think and brain-storm alone smoothly. This invention has been tested and the outcomes were marvelous. It allows you to generate storms of thoughts, saves thoughts from being wasted, and helps you focus on any direction or ideas you want. It also has a special high tech mirror which enables you to see things differently. The helmet includes a thought receiver which collects any thoughts that flow in the air and might enhance your outcomes. Also it has a sensitive alarm system which alerts you when a great idea is being generated.

The Best Technology Items to Get any Think You Want

Ever need a quick fix for your computer? I have obviously my favorite magazine, explore the latest computer magazines.
From your desktop computer are older, if you know the right to, and participation of the Journal of Computer ensure your end all the updates and the latest technology specifically to review mag.In clinical trials in particular, in many cases, There are a number of problems with the date you completed with faster with a PC, you do not need new programs.
Here are the details of Computeractive, your computer, software and peripherals is a positive information content.
May, intelligence staff and the home fans Computeractive guide in deciding whether to set a little problem with my PC, but the dilemma is quite possible that there is a problem that is consistent with the participation of Computeractive magazine is again heard
More than 20% of female readers (which means that 80% residual male reader or a robot!), And the best woman in technology markets all magazines should be encouraged.
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The campaign by the magazine looks like a plain English without the knowledge of the language was created in plain text are supported magazine.
Journal of the main branches are:
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Computeractive is distributed every two weeks, and the purchase of magazine subscriptions make sure that your problem because it was released for sale.
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You download the publications, which certainly helped my desktop computer and your daily activities and routine support services for problems with 100 free in addition to taking percent. What is the difference in the house wanted to clock with your computer and can Computeractive all the information you keep your main computer running smoothly subscribe.

Latest Technology Transformer USB

The best Latest Technology of Transformer USB Device its Looking Good And Safe

Central Processing Unit

INTRODUCTION

Central Processing Unit (CPU), in computer science, microscopic circuitry that serves as the main information processor in a computer. A CPU is generally a single microprocessor made from a wafer of semiconducting material, usually silicon, with millions of electrical components on its surface. On a higher level, the CPU is actually a number of interconnected processing units that are each responsible for one aspect of the CPU’s function. Standard CPUs contain processing units that interpret and implement software instructions, perform calculations and comparisons, make logical decisions (determining if a statement is true or false based on the rules of Boolean algebra), temporarily store information for use by another of the CPU’s processing units, keep track of the current step in the execution of the program, and allow the CPU to communicate with the rest of the computer.

How a CPU Work

CPU FUNCTION

A CPU is similar to a calculator, only much more powerful. The main function of the CPU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations on data taken from memory or on information entered through some device, such as a keyboard, scanner, or joystick. The CPU is controlled by a list of software instructions, called a computer program. software instructions entering the CPU originate in some form of memory storage device such as a hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, or magnetic tape. These instructions then pass into the computer’s main random access memory (RAM), where each instruction is given a unique address, or memory location. The CPU can access specific pieces of data in RAM by specifying the address of the data that it wants.

As a program is executed, data flow from RAM through an interface unit of wires called the bus, which connects the CPU to RAM. The data are then decoded by a processing unit called the instruction decoder that interprets and implements software instructions. From the instruction decoder the data pass to the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), which performs calculations and comparisons. Data may be stored by the ALU in temporary memory locations called registers where it may be retrieved quickly. The ALU performs specific operations such as addition, multiplication, and conditional tests on the data in its registers, sending the resulting data back to RAM or storing it in another register for further use. During this process, a unit called the program counter keeps track of each successive instruction to make sure that the program instructions are followed by the CPU in the correct order.

History Of CPU

EARLY COMPUTERS

In the first computers, CPUs were made of vacuum tubes and electric relays rather than microscopic transistors on computer chips. These early computers were immense and needed a great deal of power compared to today’s microprocessor-driven computers. The first general purpose electronic computer, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), was introduced in 1946 and filled a large room. About 18,000 vacuum tubes were used to build ENIAC’s CPU and input/output circuits. Between 1946 and 1956 all computers had bulky CPUs that consumed massive amounts of energy and needed continual maintenance, because the vacuum tubes burned out frequently and had to be replaced.

TRANSISTOR

A solution to the problems posed by vacuum tubes came in 1948, when American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley first demonstrated a revolutionary new electronic switching and amplifying device called the transistor. The transistor had the potential to work faster and more reliably and to consume much less power than a vacuum tube. Despite the overwhelming advantages transistors offered over vacuum tubes, it took nine years before they were used in a commercial computer. The first commercially available computer to use transistors in its circuitry was the UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), delivered to the United States Air Force in 1956.

THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

Development of the computer chip started in 1958 when Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments demonstrated that it was possible to integrate the various components of a CPU onto a single piece of silicon. These computer chips were called integrated circuits (ICs) because they combined multiple electronic circuits on the same chip. Subsequent design and manufacturing advances allowed transistor densities on integrated circuits to increase tremendously. The first ICs had only tens of transistors per chip compared to the millions or even billions of transistors per chip available on today’s CPUs.

In 1967 Fairchild Semiconductor introduced a single integrated circuit that contained all the arithmetic logic functions for an eight-bit processor. (A bit is the smallest unit of information used in computers. Multiples of a bit are used to describe the largest-size piece of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time.) However, a fully working integrated circuit computer required additional circuits to provide register storage, data flow control, and memory and input/output paths. Intel Corporation accomplished this in 1971 when it introduced the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Although the 4004 could only manage four-bit arithmetic, it was powerful enough to become the core of many useful hand calculators at the time. In 1975 Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems introduced the Altair 8800, the first personal computer kit to feature an eight-bit microprocessor. Because microprocessors were so inexpensive and reliable, computing technology rapidly advanced to the point where individuals could afford to buy a small computer. The concept of the personal computer was made possible by the advent of the microprocessor CPU. In 1978 Intel introduced the first of its x86 CPUs, the 8086 16-bit microprocessor. Although 32-bit microprocessors are most common today, microprocessors are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with many 64-bit CPUs available. High-performance processors can run with internal clock rates that exceed 3 GHz, or 3 billion clock pulses per second.


CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

The competitive nature of the computer industry and the use of faster, more cost-effective computing continue the drive toward faster CPUs. The minimum transistor size that can be manufactured using current technology is fast approaching the theoretical limit. In the standard technique for microprocessor design, ultraviolet (short wavelength) light is used to expose a light-sensitive covering on the silicon chip. Various methods are then used to etch the base material along the pattern created by the light. These etchings form the paths that electricity follows in the chip. The theoretical limit for transistor size using this type of manufacturing process is approximately equal to the wavelength of the light used to expose the light-sensitive covering. By using light of shorter wavelength, greater detail can be achieved and smaller transistors can be manufactured, resulting in faster, more powerful CPUs. Printing integrated circuits with X-rays, which have a much shorter wavelength than ultraviolet light, may provide further reductions in transistor size that will translate to improvements in CPU speed.

Many other avenues of research are being pursued in an attempt to make faster CPUs. New base materials for integrated circuits, such as composite layers of gallium arsenide and gallium aluminum arsenide, may contribute to faster chips. Alternatives to the standard transistor-based model of the CPU are also being considered. Experimental ideas in computing may radically change the design of computers and the concept of the CPU in the future. These ideas include quantum computing, in which single atoms hold bits of information; molecular computing, where certain types of problems may be solved using recombinant DNA techniques; and neural networks, which are computer systems with the ability to learn.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC)














Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was designed by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert in 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. It was the first electronic computer. ENIAC was initially built for the United States military to calculate the paths of artillery shells. It contained 18000 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70000 resistors, 10000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed nearly 30 tons and consumed 160 kW of power. Input was possible from an IBM card reader while an IBM punch card was used for output.

Electrinic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)














John Mauchly and J.P. Eckert also proposed the development of EDVAC. The conceptual design for EDVAC electronic computer to use the stored program concept introduced by John Von Neumann. Unlike the ENIAC, it used binary number rather than decimal. The University of Pennsylvania built the EDVAC for the U.S. Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground. EDVAC had almost 6000 vacuum tubes and 12000 diodes. It consumed 56kW of power. It covered 490 feet square of floor and weighed 7850kg.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)


















EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) was developed by a group of scientists, headed by Professor Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University, England, in 1949. It was also based on the stored program concept and one of the first to use binary digits. The input and output were provided by a paper tape. It could do about 700 additions per second and 200 multiplications per second. The machine occupied a room, which measured 5/4 meters

Universal Automatic Computer

Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercially general purpose electronic computer. John Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Engineering, Pennsylvania developed it in 1951. It was used for the analysis of 1952 Presidential Election in the United States. It was 8 feet high, 15 feet long and weighed 5 tons. It contained 5600 tubes, 18000 crystal diodes, and 300 relays. A magnetic tape was used for data input and output.

OMR, MICR & BCR

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Optical Mark Recognition is the process of recognizing a pre-specified type of marks made by pencils or pen on the paper. This type of technology is used to evaluate the papers of competitive examination. Optical mark reading is done by special device called optical mark reader.

Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition technology is used by the banking industry for faster processing of the large volume of cheques. This technology also ensures accuracy of data entry, because most of the information is pre-printed on the cheque and is directly fed to the computer. Magnetic ink character reader is a device used in the technology.

Bar Code Reader (BCR)
A bar code is a machine-readable code in the form of a pattern of parallel vertical lines. They are commonly used for labeling goods that are available in supermarkets, numbering books in libraries, etc. These codes/strips are sensed and read by a photoelectric device called bar code reader that reads the code by means of reflective light. The information recorded in a bar code reader is fed into the computer, which recognizes the information from the thickness and spacing of bars.

Graphic Digitizer & Opitical Scanner

Graphic Digitizer
Graphic digitizer is an input device, which is used for converting pictures, maps and drawings into digital form for storage in computers. This enables re-creation of the drawing whenever required. It also facilitates any changes in the drawing whenever required.
A digitizer consists of a digital tablet (also known as graphics tablet) associated with a stylus. The digitizing tablet is a flat surface, which contains hundreds of fine copper wires forming a grid. Each copper wire receives electric pulses. The digitizing tablet can be spread over a working table, and is connected to computer.

Optical Scanners
New technologies have developed alternative methods to input data instead of entering data through keystrokes. Devices such as bar code reader can interpret machine printed marks or codes. Accordingly there are four types of optical recognition.
a) OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
b) OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)
c) MICR ( Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition)
d) BCR(Bar Code Reader)

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Optical Character Recognition is a process of scanning printed pages as image on a flatbed scanner using OCR software which recognizes the letters as ASCII text. The device used for this technology is called optical reader. In the OCR system book or a magazine article is fed directly into an electronic computer file, and then this file is edited by using a word processor. Advanced OCR systems can read the text large variety of fonts.

Scanner & Microphone

Scanner
A scanner scans an image and transforms the image to ASCII codes and graphics. This can be edited, manipulated, combined and then printed. Scanners use a light beam to scan the input data. If the data to be scanned is an image, it can be changed by using the special image editing software. If the image is a page of a text, then the special optical character recognition software must be used to convert the image of letters in the text and this can be edited by using a word processor. Most of the scanners come with a utility program that allows it to communicate with the computer and save the scanned image as a graphic file on the computer. Commonly scanners are classified in two types:
• Hand-Held scanner
• Flat-Bed scanner

Microphone
A microphone is a speech recognition device. Speech recognition is one of the most interactive system to communicate with the computer. The user can simply instruct the computer about the task to be performed with the help of a microphone. It is the technology by which sounds, words or phrases spoken by humans are converted into digital signals, and these signals are transformed into the computer generated texts or commands. Most speech recognition systems are speaker-dependent so they must be separately trained for each individual user. The speech recognition systems system learns to voice of the user, who speaks isolated words repeatedly. Then, these voiced words are recognizable in the future. It is more popular in the corporate world among non-typists, people with disabilities, and business travelers who tap-record information for later transcription.

Tuch Pad & Digital Camera

f) Touch Pad
A touch pad is one of the latest pointing devices. It looks like a small gray window, about two inches wide. It is use din potable computer such as laptop and notebook to substitute the mouse. It has two buttons below or above the pads which work like the mouse buttons. You can move the cursor on the screen by making a finger or other object along the pad .And one can also click by tapping a finger on the touch pad, and drag with a tap in the continuous pointing scale.

Digital Camera
A digital camera is also an input device which stores pictures digitally rather than recording them on a film. Once a picture has been taken that stores on its chip memory. The picture can be downloaded to computer system and then manipulated with an image editing software. Then it can be printed. The major advantage of digital cameras is that making photos is both inexpensive and fast because there is no film processing.

Light Pen & Tuch Screen

d) Light Pen
A light pen is a hand-held electro-optical pointing device which is connected to the computer by a cable. When it touches to a connected computer monitor, it will allow the computer to determine where on that screen the pen is pointed. It facilitates drawing images and selects objects on the display screen by directly pointing to the objects with the pen. Light pens give the user the full range of mouse capabilities, without using the pad and any horizontal surface. Using light pens, the user can interact more easily with applications in such modes as dragging and dropping or highlighting. It is very popular for graphic work in engineering like CAD (Computer Aided Design)

e) Touch Screen
A touch screen is a special kind of screen device, which is placed on the computer monitor in order to allow the direct selection or activation of the computer’s information, when somebody touches the screen. Essentially, it registers the input when a finger or other object to touch the screen. Touch screen is normally used to touch the screen. Touch screen is normally used to access the information with minimum effort. However, it is not suitable for input of large amount of data. Typically, they are used in information-providing systems like the hospital, airlines, railway reservation counters, amusement parks, etc.

Joystick

c) Joystick

Joystick is a device that moves in all directions and controls the movement of the cursor on the screen. The joystick offers three types of controls.
• Digital control
• Glide control
• Direct control
Digital control allows in a limited movement in a number of directions such as up,
down, left and right. Glid and direct controls allow movements in all directions (360 degree). The basic design of a joystick consists of a stick that is attached to plastic base with a flexible rubber sheath. It has some pushing buttons and a circuit board which is placed under the stick. Joysticks are mainly used for computer games, controlling industrial robots and for other applications such as flight simulators, training simulators, etc.

Track Ball

b) Track Ball

A track ball is another pointing device that uses a ball which is settled in a square cardle. In general, a track ball is just like a turned upside down a mouse. The ball is rolled by fingers to move the cursor around the screen. A track ball requires less space than a mouse for operation because the whole device is not moved for moving the curser. It is often attached to or inbuilt into the keyboard. The trackball built into the keyboard are commonly used in laptop computers, because the mouse is not practical for laptop users in a small space. This pointing device comes in various shapes but with the same functionality. It works like a mouse.

Pointing device

Pointing Devices
Pointing devices are the input devices by which we can point out and select the items rapidly from the multiple options displayed on the screen. These devices can also be used to create graphic elements on the screen such as lines, curves and freehand shapes. The most common types of pointing devices available are;
a) Mouse b) Trackball c) Joystick
d) Touch Screen e) Light Pen d) Touch Pad

a) Mouse
A mouse is a small hand-held pointing device, which is used to create graphic elements on the screen such as lines, curves, and freehand shapes. It is also used to run a program and pull down a menu in GUI (Graphic User Interface) base computer system. It is rectangular shaped with a rubber ball embedded at its lower side and buttons on the top. Usually a mouse contains two or three buttons, whish can be used to input commands or instructions. The mouse may be classified into two categories:
I) Mechanical mouse II) Optical mouse

I) Mechanical mouse
A mechanical mouse uses a rubber ball at the bottom surface, which rotates as the mouse along a flat surface to move the cursor. It is the most common and expensive pointing device. Microsoft, IBM and Logitech are some well-known makers of the mechanical mouse.

II) Optical mouse
An optical mouse uses the light beam instead of rotating ball to detect the movement across a specially patterned mouse pad. As the mouse rolls the mouse on a flat surface, the cursor on the screen also moves in the direction of the mouse’s movement. It is more expensive in comparison with the mechanical mouse. Modern optical mouse are accurate and often do not need a mouse pad.

Input Devices

INPUT DEVICE
An input device can be defined as an electromechanical device that allows the user to feed data and instructions into the computer for analysis, storage, and to give the commands to the computer. Data and instructions are entered into the computer’s main memory through an input device. Input device captures data and translates it into a form that can be broadly classified into the following categories:

Key board
A keyboard is the most common input device. Using a keyboard, the user can type the text and execute commands. Keyboard is designed to resemble a regular typewriter with a few additional keys. Data is entered into the computer by simply pressing various keys.
The layout of a keyboard comes in various styles but QWERTY is the most common layout. The layout of the keyboard has changed very little ever since it was introduced. In fact, the most common change in its technology has simply been the natural evolution of adding more keys that provide additional functionality. The number of keys on a keyboard varies from 82 keys to 108 keys. Portable computers such as laptops quite often have custom keyboards that have slightly different key arrangements from a standard keyboard

Fifth Generation Of Computers

Fifth generation computers are in developmental stage which is based on the artificial intelligence. The goal of the fifth generation is to develop the device which could respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will be used in this technology. So we can say that the fifth generation computers will have the power of human intelligence.

CHARACTERISTICS
1) The fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips.
2) They will have artificial intelligence.
3) They will be able to recognize image and graphs.
4) Fifth generation computer aims to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making, logical reasoning.
5) They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
6) Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.

Fourth Generation Of Computers

After 1971 the fourth generation computers were built. The fourth generation computers were the extension of third generation technology. The fourth generation computers emerged with development of the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).With the help of VLSI technology microprocessor came into existence. The computers were designed by using microprocessor, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable and affordable. As a result, they give rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.
For the first time in 1981 IBM introduced its computer for the home user and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Microprocessor.

CHARACTERISTICS
1) The fourth generation computers have microprocessor-based systems.
2) They are the cheapest among all the computer generation.
3) The speed, accuracy and reliability of the computers were improved in fourth generation computers.
4) Many high-level languages were developed in the fourth generation such as COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, PASCAL and C language.
5) A Further refinement of input/output devices was developed.
6) Networking between the systems was developed.

IBM 4341, DEC 10, STAR 1000, PUP 11 and APPLE II are the examples of fourth generation computers.

Third Generation of Computer

During the period of 1964 to 1971 Third generation computers were developed. The third generation computers emerged with the development of IC (Integrated Circuits). The invention of the IC was the greatest achievement done in the period of third generation of computers. IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby in 1958-59. IC is a single component containing a number of transistors. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Keyboards and monitors developed during the period of third generation of computers. The third generation computers interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

CHARACTERISTICS
1) IC was used instead of transistors in the third generation computers.
2) Third generation computers were smaller in size and cheaper as compare to the second generation computers.
3) They were fast and more reliable.
4) High level language was developed.
5) Magnetic core and solid states as main storage.
6) They were able to reduce computational time and had low maintenance cost.
7) Input/Output devices became more sophisticated.

PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360 and IBM 370 are the examples of third generation computers.

Second Generation Of Computers

During the period of 1956 to 1963 second generation of computers were developed. The second generation computers emerged with development of Transistors. The transistor was invented in 1947 by three scientists J. Bardeen, H.W. Brattain and W. Shockley. A transistor is a small device made up of semiconductor material like germanium and silicon. Even though the Transistor were developed in 1947 but was not widely used until the end of 50s. The transistor made the second generation computers faster, smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation computers. Even though the transistor used in the computer generated enormous amount of heat which ultimately would lead to the damage of the computers but was far better than vacuum tubes.
Second generation computers used the low level language i.e. machine level language and assembly language which made the programmers easier to specify the instructions. Later on High level language programming were introduced such as COBOL and FORTRAN. Magnetic core was used as primary storage. Second generation computer has faster input /output devices which thus brought improvement in the computer.
CHARACTERISTICS
1) Transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes.
2) Second generation computers were smaller in comparison with the first generation computers.
3) They were faster in comparison with the first generation computers.
4) They generated less heat and were less prone to failure.
5) They took comparatively less computational time.
6) Assembly language was used for programming.
7) Second generation computers has faster input/output devices.

IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM 1401, ATLAS and Mark III are the examples of second generation computers.

First Generation Of Computers

During the period of 1940 to 1956 first generation of computers were developed. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. The vacuum tube was developed by Lee DeForest. A vacuum tube is a device generally used to amplify a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space. First generation computers were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

CHARACTERISTICS

1) First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes.
2) The operating systems of the first generation computers were very slow.
3) They were very large in size.
4) Production of the heat was in large amount in first generation computers.
5) Machine language was used for programming.
6) First generation computers were unreliable.
7) They were difficult to program and use.

UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, ENIAC and ABACUS computers are examples of first generation computing devices.

Accuracy And Speed Of Computers

Computers work at tremendous speed which process data at an extremely fast rate. At present a powerful computer can perform billions of operations in just a second.
Milli second = A thousandth of a second (1/1,000)
Micro second = A millionth of a second (1/1,000,000)
Nano second = A billionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000)
Pico second = A trillionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000,000)

Accuracy
The computers are very accurate. The level of accuracy depends upon the instructions and the type of machine being used. Computer is capable of doing only what it is instructed to do. Inaccurate instructions for processing lead to inaccurate results. This is known as GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out). Errors may occur in the results due to human factors rather than the technological weaknesses.

Uses of Computers

Today, computers are found everywhere in offices, homes, schools and many other places. Much of the world runs on computers, and computers have changed our lives. Some of the characteristics of computers, which make them the most essential part of every emerging technology, are listed below: